University study in Europe (Updated 2 April 2025)

With higher ed under attack in the US, Europe offers excellent alternatives

Photo by Michal Osmenda from Brussels, Belgium, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Since publishing the original version of this essay (19 February 2025) the Trump administration’s attacks on higher education and basic research have intensified and come fully into plain view at Columbia University, Johns Hopkins University, and a host of other institutions.¹ Opportunities for graduate/professional study and postdoc positions have already been diminished by funding cuts at the National Institutes of Health; the National Science Foundation also faces cuts of two-thirds of its funding. Undoubtedly the government’s actions—many of which appear to be open violations of the First Amendment—will be challenged legally. And on 20 March 2025, the White House issued an executive order mandating the closure of the Department of Education which, among many other things, oversees the federal student loans programme.

The disruptions intended by the government’s attacks have, however, already been realised and will continue. For university students there is tangible immediate impact as colleges and universities adjust policies to inhibit free speech. As Ann Applebaum, staff writer for The Atlantic notes, “The attacks on Columbia, along with the assault on other universities, have an even broader purpose: They are designed to intimidate hundreds of other academic institutions in America.”²

In this environment, American higher education is rapidly losing its international lustre, and inevitably it will lose some of its star researchers to other, more stable jurisdictions, which continue to value education and research. There is talk across Europe of opportunities to recruit American university researchers. For example, an innovative programme has been assembled by Aix-Marseille Université in response to political circumstances in the U.S. to get around one of the issues that typically inhibits faculty recruitment from American universities—the relatively lower salaries of European academics. It has created a programme called Safe Place for Science, dedicating 15M euros for the recruitment and support of fifteen science researchers from the United States. Denis Bertin, vice president in charge of the foundation funding the activity, describes the scope of the programme thus: ³

“Des enveloppes de 800 000 euros seront allouées par chercheur sur trois ans. 250 000 pour le salaire et entre 500 à 600 000 pour mener leur recherche”

(An envelope of €800,000 will be allocated to each researcher for three years—€250,000 for salary, and between €500K and €600K to conduct their research.)

While this represents just one university’s initiative, there has also been a call by leading European scholars for the European Commission to create an “emergency fund” that could recruit up to 5,000 American university researchers to European institutions.⁴

For American high school students looking ahead to a college or university education, the current situation in the U.S. poses yet another issue to consider when evaluating their academic destination. The time is right to consider the options presented by the many excellent European universities.

---

This essay was originally issued on 19 February 2025. I’ve chosen to update and re-issue the essay now that it has become clearer that the threat posed by the Trump administration to U.S. higher education has been made much more tangible. I will provide continuous updates as time goes on.

---

Are European and American Degrees Equivalent ?

U.S. citizens are generally familiar with the three-tiered system of degrees offered by American universities—bachelors, masters, and doctoral. Qualifications certified by European universities have been historically more diverse, representing a challenge for understanding the equivalency of university degrees within Europe as well as outside of it. With the freedom to easily cross borders for employment in the European Union, the need for understanding equivalency has intensified. For example, how does one know what academic qualification in Italy is equivalent to one in Sweden, for example, and what authority is in a position to certify this?

Progress has been made toward standardising the structure and qualifications offered by European institutions as part of the “Bologna Process,” begun in 1999, details of which are found on the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) website. Participation in this intergovernmental effort is voluntary and its recommendations are not binding in any legal way. Nevertheless most European universities have made adjustments to the qualifications they award to promote equivalency. Generally speaking, this results in a “three cycle framework” of university qualifications very close to what American are familiar with:⁵

• Bachelor’s degree (first cycle) – typically 3 years

• Master’s degree (second cycle) – typically 2 years

• Doctorate (third cycle) – typically 3 or more years

The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) has also been established to facilitate mobility of students within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA); it does this by identifying equivalence of degrees earned as well as credit for individual courses taken at different universities in different parts of the EU. (Also be aware of the The European Qualifications Framework (EQF), a translation tool developed under the aegis of the European Commission to make national qualifications of all kinds easier to understand and more comparable. Based on an eight-level framework of learning outcomes, it offers a mapping to the academic qualifications identified by the EHEA.)

But how does one specifically and authoritatively demonstrate equivalency between degrees awarded by universities in the EU and those by North American institutions?

In this context third-party evaluation is also the most effective way to enable universities or employers map European qualifications to corresponding American degrees. In general degree equivalency is determined by evaluating degree accreditation, credits earned, and length of study. For those with European qualifications seeking employment in North America the onus will be on the individual to assemble a portfolio which attests to the equivalency of qualifications. But note that for many North American employers, university reputation also plays a role, and most are unlikely to have familiarity with more than a handful of leading European universities. Organisations that offer credential evaluation services include the World Education Services (WES) and the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services (NACES). Some professional fields of study have licensing and credentialing requirements beyond university degrees that must also be taken into consideration (e.g., medicine, engineering, law).

The issues of degree equivalency aside, what else is there to consider? Let’s start with the question of cost.

How Do Costs Compare: EU vs USA ?

Anyone thinking about attending a college or university after high school in the U.S. has to confront the issue of cost. For the select few this might not be a matter of concern, but for us everyday folk it is. Even if it is not the issue that determines to which colleges or universities one applies, it might be the one that determines where you ultimately go.

According to the Education Data Initiative, American students entering university in 2024 faced the following average USD costs, before financial aid, for a four-year undergraduate degree programme at public and private institutions. (Note that the four-year totals do not account for average annual increase in tuition costs of 4.11 percent).

Consider also that the cost of a university education depends for about 60 percent of students on the receipt of student loans. The aggregate outstanding student loan in the U.S. in 2024 was $1.753 trillion representing 42.8 million borrowers; the average outstanding balance on student loans is $37,853.

So, is pursuing university education in the European Union (EU) a viable alternative with regard to earning qualifications and cost of education?

For a non-EU citizen, pursing a bachelors degree in the EU can be much less expensive than doing so in the U.S., depending on country, university and expenses for cost of living. Given that tuition charges can vary within a country at public universities, and can vary by the programme of studies, it is impossible in a confined space to provide details that would be accurate across the board. The table below, however, provides some indicative costs for study at public universities in a few selected countries—costs gathered from reliable sources from the years 2023 and 2024, sometimes expressing a range of potential expenses. In addition, application fees are commonly charged. For further information, and for information about EU countries not included in the table, visit the European Commission’s Study in Europe website.

Determining actual costs obviously requires further research by those interested, and some links are provided in the notes for places where such research could start.⁶ Note that it is also often the case that a bachelors degree is obtainable in three years, rather than four, which can also yield savings.

Indicative tuition costs at selected EU universities

Funding One’s Studies in the EU

For many undergraduate American college students, seeking financial aid and borrowing through student loan programmes goes hand-in-hand with the college/university application process.

Financial aid is available for study at universities in the EU from a range of sources, from private philanthropies to individual university programmes. The European Commission’s “Study in Europe” website provides a starting point for exploring options within specific EU countries.

With the announcement of the Executive branch’s objective of closing the Department of Education, the future of the federal student loan programme is unclear. At this time, some federal student loan programmes managed through the Department of Education will loan money for foreign study at selected universities. The list of eligible universities favours institutions in anglophone countries and Germany⁷ for general courses of study, whereas it is universities offering specialised or professional programmes that are favoured in other countries. As with applications for loans and financial aid for U.S. institutions, the starting point is completion of the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) form. A good starting point for additional information is the U.S. Department of Education’s resource on Aid for International Study.

It is the objective of the current U.S. federal administration to eliminate the Department of Education. In the executive order mandating its dissolution (in spite of the Executive branch’s lack of constitutional authority to do so), the student loan programme is mentioned but plans for handling existing debt and prospective loans is unclear; it only states “The Department of Education is not a bank, and it must return bank functions to an entity equipped to serve America’s students.” Project 2025, which has thus far provided a playbook for the Executive branch, recommends that the federal student loan programme “should ultimately be restored to the private sector (or, at the very least, the federal government should revisit its role as a guarantor, rather than direct lender),” and advocates for a greater emphasis on workforce development in higher education. Speculation has also emerged on what the programme might come to look like under the current administration.⁸

A more detailed and regularly updated report of the status of the Federal Student Loan is available at https://open.substack.com/pub/leavingamerica/p/the-best-job-in-higher-education?r=1u1uw5&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web&showWelcomeOnShare=true

As the above table shows, there can be stark differences in academic expenses depending on whether or not one is an EU citizen. This might therefore prompt some potential applicants to explore whether they might be entitled to citizenship in an EU country based on jus sanguinis—citizenship based on ancestry. Note, however, that in some cases EU tuition rates also depend on meeting a residency requirement.

Cost of Living

Expenses relate to general cost of living as well. Guides to students’ cost of living in EU states are available for several countries, including those listed below. Note that cost of living varies significantly among EU countries, and costs in major cities can be much higher than in smaller cities and towns. Once a jurisdiction and university has been identified, further research will be necessary to obtain a clear sense of costs of housing and other living costs.

• Denmark: https://studyindenmark.dk/live-in-denmark/bank-budget

• Finland: https://www.studyinfinland.fi/admissions/fees-and-costs

• France: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/preparing-budget-student-France

• Germany: https://www.study-in-germany.de/en/plan-your-studies/preparation/funding/

• Netherlands: https://www.studyinnl.org/finances/daily-student-expenses-and-cost-of-living-in-the-netherlands

• Sweden: https://studyinsweden.se/plan-your-studies/fees-costs/#

Choosing a place to study

Determining where to study—a specific university, or a specific country—is a matter of identifying a well respected university as well as a country whose profile matches one’s objectives. The major university ranking systems⁹ offer a rough measure of university quality—their perspectives should be taken with a grain of salt as they focus on research-intensive universities and are widely “gamed” to improve their universities’ standing. They may be most useful in identifying those European universities which employers (or US graduate schools) might more easily recognise as peers of leading American universities.

Part of the American ritual of choosing a college or university is a tour of prospective campuses—something that may be less practical when considering study in the EU. Nevertheless the European Commission sponsors a virtual information session—a European higher education fair—for prospective university students each autumn, providing information on degree programmes, scholarship opportunities and practical issues relating to living abroad. In addition, many universities offer recruitment events or “open days” for visitors, frequently offering an information fair to answer questions about university study programmes, student residences, entry requirements, visas, etc.

The experience of study in the EU can be quite different from that at an American university. While some universities have large campuses (such as at most Irish universities), many are more integrated into urban environments and do not have the same campus “feel” that is typical of U.S. institutions. Universities frequently do not always provide dormitories for students—or at least for a majority of students, though private student residences are often available. Other amenities typical of U.S. colleges, such as sports facilities, may also be wanting. And campus culture can be quite different. U.S. universities use many mechanisms to build loyalty—campus mascots, sporting teams, etc.—that will endure through the activities of alumni associations and giving programmes. Expect such efforts at European universities to be be less mature, and less visible.

For non-EU residents, study abroad typically requires a student visa, issued once entrance to a university has been secured. Note that time spent in most EU countries on a student visa will not satisfy residency requirements leading to citizenship (for example, three years spent with a student visa in Ireland is not counted toward the five-year residency requirement for Irish citizenship). Securing a bank account and health insurance are also typically required, and individual universities typically provide guidance on such matters.

Many universities offer courses, and indeed degree programmes, in the English language, as it has become a lingua franca internationally and accommodates students from the EU and beyond. Nevertheless language competence in the host country is sometimes required. My own view would be that not acquiring language competence while a student in a non-anglophone country would represent an enormous opportunity missed.

Linda Weide’s essay “Foreign Students at a US University Should Transfer to Another Country,” which provides insightful perspectives on study in Europe in general, also notes that some American universities also operate overseas campuses. She writes “Another option, if you are willing to pay tuition as one does in the USA, is that many US universities have campuses abroad. Here is a list of American Universities abroad. Here is the list from the Association of American International Colleges and Universities.”¹⁰

Cultural Benefits of Study in the European Union

Potential cost savings (and potentially reducing study time for a bachelors degree to three years instead of four) and potential for gaining non-English language competency are not the only reasons to consider a university education in the EU. Students benefit simply from residing in a jurisdiction where societal and governmental institutions are structured differently, and where the values and traditions of a national culture differ from those familiar in the United States. Indeed, many countries’ student visas enable seamless travel throughout the Schengen area, which for some students provides a means for further broadening their experience. Student visas also typically permit students to pursue work opportunities in the host country, potentially facilitating post-graduate employments or an eventual transition to permanent residency in the EU.

Conclusions

Clearly the process of identifying and eventually attending a university in the European Union requires some effort, but for many the effort will pay off in the form of quality education, cost savings, and experience of a culture outside the U.S. where aspects of culture—such as shared values and lifestyle—are quite different.

At this time it has become utterly clear that the current U.S. administration’s approach to higher education is nothing less than coercing colleges and universities into compliance with its agenda and its values, using federal funding, attacks on free speech and litigation as weapons of subjugation. If there had been any doubt that the administration was serious about abolishing the Department of Education, that doubt has been now thoroughly erased. Changes in the administration of the federal student loan programme are inevitable, the first of which has been the elimination of some mechanisms for loan forgiveness that the administration considers linked to DEI programmes.¹¹ And the withdrawal of research funding from major research universities ($400M from Columbia, $800M from Johns Hopkins)—actions that have extraordinary consequences for both university operations and research innovations that benefit society—can only be viewed as a clear sign of things to come. There are very hard times ahead for American higher education.

Other things to anticipate:

• Challenges with regard to policies intended to provide equitable opportunities for all applicants for college admission—already underway;

• Reduced opportunities for undergraduates to participate in sponsored research activities as federal funding sources diminish;

• Diminishment of support for free speech and the principle of “academic freedom” on university campuses—again, already realised, for example, in the government’s attack on Columbia University for tolerating free speech on its New York campus.

At a time of such uncertainty, understanding all of one’s options in pursuing a university education only makes sense. It takes research that might be more challenging that evaluating domestic college/university options. However, for some and perhaps many, attending universities in the European Union may represent a best-case scenario.

Please also see the brief follow-up essay “More about university study in Europe,” which discusses a the differing perspectives of Americans versus Europeans on higher education.

1. See for example the following two reports from the Associated Press:
Collin Binkley and Jake Offenhartz, “Trump demands unprecedented control at Columbia, alarming scholars and speech groups,” apnews.com (15 March 2025) https://apnews.com/article/columbia-university-mahmoud-khalil-ice-arrests-1921e26f6b5a8585ad5cbda790846324?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share (consulted 16 March 2025)
Collin Binkley, “More than 50 universities face federal investigations as part of Trump’s anti-DEI campaign,” apnews.com (14 March 2025) https://apnews.com/article/trump-dei-universities-investigated-f89dc9ec2a98897577ed0a6c446fae7b?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share (consulted 16 March 2025)

2. Anne Applebaum, “'First, they came for Columbia',” Substack: Open Letters from Anne Applebaum (16 March 2025) https://substack.com/home/post/p-159078069 (consulted 17 March 2025)

3. Violette Artaud, “Aix-Marseille université prépare l’arrivée de chercheurs américains avec 15 millions d’euros,” Marsactu (13 March 2025) https://marsactu.fr/bref/aix-marseille-universite-prepare-larrivee-de-chercheurs-americains-avec-15-millions-deuros/ (consulted 16 March 2025)

4. “Appel pour un accueil des chercheurs américains : « Notre devoir en Europe est de réagir collectivement et de proposer des solutions »,” Le Monde (18 March 2025) https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2025/03/18/appel-pour-un-accueil-des-chercheurs-americains-notre-devoir-en-europe-est-de-reagir-collectivement-et-de-proposer-des-solutions_6583044_1473685.html (consulted 18 March 2025)

5. European Higher Education Area (EHEA), “Qualifications Framework” [2022] https://ehea.info/page-qualification-frameworks (consulted 4 February 2024)

6. The following links provide some potential starting points for exploring higher education possibilities in the European Union:

“Study in Europe: Getting you ready to plan and complete higher education studies in Europe” European Education Area https://education.ec.europa.eu/study-in-europe (consulted 7 February 2025)

Alexandru Pop, “Tuition Fees for a Bachelor's Degree in Europe in 2025,” StudyPortals (21 November 2024) https://www.bachelorsportal.com/articles/335/tuition-fees-for-bachelors-in-europe.html (consulted 7 February 2025)

Robert S. Balan, “Tuition Fees at Universities in Europe: Overview and Comparison for 2025” (22 November 2024) https://www.mastersportal.com/articles/405/tuition-fees-at-universities-in-europe-overview-and-comparison.html (consulted 7 February 2025)

Melanie Hanson, “Average Cost of College By Country,” EducationData.org (21 January 2025) https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-college-by-country (consulted 7 February 2025)

“Study in Europe for free (or low tuition fees)” Study.eu (15 October 2023) https://www.study.eu/article/study-in-europe-for-free-or-low-tuition-fees (consulted 7 February 2025)

7. See Linda Weide’s excellent article, which has considerable detail on the experience of university study in Germany, “Study Abroad: One Way to Move Abroad is to go to University,” Linda on Life Abroad (Substack) (23 November 2024)

Study Abroad

8. Elin Johnson, “Wants to Close the Education Department. Here’s What That Might Mean for Students’ Financial Aid,” BestColleges.com (7 February 2025) https://www.bestcolleges.com/news/trump-wants-to-end-education-department-what-does-that-mean-for-financial-aid/

Joe Edwards, “How Student Loans Will Be Impacted if Department of Education Closes Down,” Newsweek (4 February 2025) https://www.newsweek.com/student-loans-department-education-close-2025939

Ron Lieber, “What Happens to Student Loans if the Education Dept. Closes?” New York Times (20 March 2025) https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/20/business/student-loans-education-department.html (consulted 21 March 2025)

9. The major international university ranking systems are:

• EUA (European University Association) – Provides information on accreditation and quality assurance or European Universities, including non-EU universities.

• The QS World University Rankings - global scope, integrates third-party feedback form individuals nominated by universities

• Times Higher Education “World University Rankings” (THE) – Focused on research universities, it includes 11 subject-specific rankings.

• Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) – Also known as the Shanghai Rankings, focused on research-intensive universities.

10. Linda Weide, “Foreign Students at a US University Should Transfer to Another Country Get out while you still can!” Substack: Linda on Life Abroad (30 March 2025)

Foreign Students at a US University Should Transfer to Another Country

11. Adam S. Minsky, “What Trump’s New Student Loan Forgiveness Order Means For 3 Million Borrowers,” Forbes (10 March 2025) https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamminsky/2025/03/10/what-trumps-new-student-loan-forgiveness-order-means-for-3-million-borrowers/ (consulted 16 March 2025)